In May 2003, the Center completed a study for the U.S. Customs Service (now part of the Department of Homeland Security) on the cross-border transshipment of pirated intellectual property goods (including software, clothing and footwear apparel, sporting equipment, toys, music recordings, videos, DVDs, etc.), as well as other threats to the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR) and customs laws in the NAFTA region.  The study, Transshipment and Other Threats to the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Canada and Mexico, provides an assessment of prevailing conditions in the countries analyzed, as well as suggestions and recommendations on ways to combat transshipment, including improved enforcement of IPR and customs laws.  The study also provides a comparative analysis of the status of IPR enforcement at the border in the European Union.